Oscillators exhibit frequency division via superharmonic injection locking shil, a special form of a universal phenomenon known as injection locking il in oscillators. When the coupling is strong enough and the frequencies near enough, the second oscillator can capture the first oscillator, causing it to have essentially identical frequency as the second. Consequently, the use of sub or super harmonic injection will depend on. Pdf this letter proposes a wide locking range injection locked frequency divider. High frequency multiphase clock generation using multipath. Low power frequency dividers are designed using injection locked oscillators. Injection pulling and locking can occur in any oscillatory system, includinglasers, electrical oscillators, and mechanical and biological machines.
Citeseerx superharmonic injection locked oscillators as low. Ring oscillators with multipleinput injection junchau chien, student member, ieee, and lianghung lu, member, ieee abstractinthis paper, thelocking rangeof the injection locked ring oscillators is investigated. If the injection signal is an nth superharmonic, then only the intermodulation. Low power transmitters for wireless sensor networks 4 have been shown to have improved efficiency by using an injection locked oscillator on their output stage.
An injection locking scheme for precision quadrature generation. Lee, superharmonic injection locked frequency dividers, ieee j. As the commonmode point sampling the second harmonic frequency, flicker noise of the tail current is suppressed, the. In addition, detailed analysis on the locking range for various injection topologies and division ratios is presented to optimize the circuit performance. Nonlinear phase macromodel based simulationdesign of plls. Ilo, injectionlocked il phaselocked loop pll, jitter transfer function, locking. Index termsadlers equation, injectionlocked oscillator. Citeseerx superharmonic injectionlocked frequency dividers. Introduction a clock generator is an essential element in many applications such as serial links, local oscillators, memory interfaces, embedded microprocessors, and so on 1 53.
In designing subharmonically injection locked oscillators ilos, nmultiplied frequency signals relative to the reference frequency can be achieved. Superharmonic injectionlocked frequency dividers hamid r. Superharmonic injection locked oscillators as low power frequency. An ultralowpower bpsk receiver and demodulator based on injectionlocked oscillators. A study of superharmonic injection locking in multiband. Frequency locking was observed up to the fourth harmonic of the stvo fundamental frequency f0 in microwave magnetoelectronic measurements. Ringoscillatorbased injectionlocked frequency divider. Sep 06, 2016 superharmonic injection locking of single nanocontact nc spintorque vortex oscillators stvos subject to a small microwave current has been explored.
Lcoscillator type 2 ringoscillator type 3 verma jssc 2003, rategh jssc 1999 lo cicc 2009 25. Injectionlocking of harmonic oscillators springerlink. However, in this paper, the operation of the superharmonic injection locked ring oscillator is investigated. Injection locked frequency dividers superharmonic injection locked oscillators ilos can realize frequency dividers faster and lower power than flipflop based dividers injection locking range can be limited 30 lcoscillator type 2 ringoscillator type 3 verma jssc 2003, rategh jssc 1999lo cicc 2009. Injection locking rf and microwave circuits university of. Il refers to the fact that when an oscillator is disturbed by an external signal, it can, under appropriate conditions, change its oscillation frequency to exactly. In the proposed circuit, two oscillators are injection locked by. Index terms injection locked ring oscillators, locking range, multipleinput injection, superharmonic frequency dividers. Index termsfrequency tripler, injection locked oscillators. The former is used to lock the oscillators in frequency and phase with the incoming signal, whereas the later is used to generate an amplitude interference pattern that reproduces the original phase modulation.
A 60ghz subsampling frequency synthesizer using sub. Pdf analysis and design of wideband injectionlocked. An identity obtained from phase and envelope equations is used to express the requisite oscillator nonlinearity and interpret phase noise reduction. Analysis and design of superharmonic injectionlocked. It browses through the development of the injection locking of oscillators with an emphasis on the characterization of injection locked oscillators. We use injection locked oscillators ilos to generate local clocks, which are synchronized to the global clock through injection locking 2. Injection locking also happens when the injected frequency is close to the harmonic or subharmonic of the freerunning oscillator frequency i. In the proposed circuit, two oscillators are injection locked by coupling their secondorder harmonics in antiphase, forcing the outputs of two oscillators into a quadrature phase state. Injection locking characteristics of oscillators are derived and a graphical analysis is presented that describes injection pulling in time and frequency domains. Injection locked oscillators ilos are investigated in a new theoretical approach. Superharmonic injection locked oscillators are designed as very high frequency and low power frequency dividers. Pdf a simple, unified phase noise model for injection. The basic principles of the conversion method are the superharmonic injection and locking of oscillator circuits, and interference phenomena. As an example application, a 48 gbs serializing transmitter is designed in 65nm cmos technology using superharmonic injection locked multipath ring oscillators to.
Lcoscillator type 2 ringoscillator type 3 verma jssc 2003, rategh jssc 1999 lo. Injection locked signal 0 20 40 60 70 4 th harmonic signal injected signal injection locked signal40 50 60 70 40 50 60 70 10 khzdiv. The behavior of phase locked oscillators under injection pulling is also formulated. The third group, injection locked frequency dividers ilfds, work by synchronizing an oscillator with an incident signal. As a result, mos transistors are good c hoice for injection lo c k ed oscillators with the inciden t signal injected to the gate of the mos transistor. The first one is used to syn chronize the oscillators. In our case, injection locking has to be achieved at the. In this paper we focus on modeling the phase noise of ilo within the full lock range. Ftl resolves the race condition existing in injection locked plls by decoupling frequency tuning from the injection path, such that the phaselocking condition is only determined by the injection path. Superharmonic injectionlocked frequency dividers ieee xplore. This paper also introduces an accurate theoretical largesignal analysis for phase domain response pdr of injection locked oscillators ilos. Two injection locked frequency dividers, with divideby3 and divideby5 operations respectively, were.
P s sf p s s f o of 1 1 o o2 agilent 89600 vsa agilent 89600 vsa. Bpsk to ask signal conversion using injectionlocked oscillators. Lee, superharmonic injectionlocked frequency divid. Phase dynamics of a timing extraction system based on an. Index terms injection locked oscillator, injection locked phase locked loop, locking range, quadrature, jitter transfer function, voltagecontrolled oscillator vco.
In subharmonically injection locked oscillators, the frequency of injection signal is 1 n. Lee, member, ieee abstract injection locked oscillators ilos are investigated in a new theoretical approach. A superharmonic voltagecontrolled injection locked frequency divider, implemented using a modified colpitts oscillator operating at 2. A wideband injection locking scheme and quadrature phase. Injection locking il 1, 2, 3 is a nonlinear phenomenon in which a selfsustaining oscillators phase becomes precisely locked i. Harmonic injectionlocked quadrature oscillators teerachot siriburanon, tomohiro ueno, kento kimura, satoshi kondo, wei deng, kenichi okada, and akira matsuzawa department of physical electronics, tokyo institute of technology 2121s327, ookayama, meguroku, tokyo 1528552, japan email. Apr 15, 2016 superharmonic injection locking of a ncstvo may open up possibilities for devices such as nanoscale frequency dividers, while differences in the core trajectory may allow mutual synchronisation to be achieved in multioscillator networks by tuning the spatial character of the dynamics within shared magnetic layers. Continuous phase shift of sinusoidal signals using injection. I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by kai zhu entitled characterization and implementation of an injection locked frequency divider based on relaxation oscillator. A first injection locked frequency divider, such as one that uses an lc oscillator in conjunction with crosscoupled transistors, receives the first differential output and generates a inphase or inphase output. Low power frequency dividers are designed using injection locked oscillators with cascode transistors.
This reference signal is provided by a wilkinson divider with equal power level and phase in both branches. Gmsk modulation of subharmonic injection locked oscillators. A wide band, injection coupled lc quadrature voltage control oscillator is presented. A low phase noise ringvco based pll using injection. May 18, 2019 this chapter provides an overview of injection locking and its applications in mixedmode signal processing. Bpsk to ask signal conversion using injectionlocked. Citeseerx document details isaac councill, lee giles, pradeep teregowda. Another example is subharmonic injectionlocking clock dividers, which are wid. Introduction i n both wireless and wireline communication systems, the frequency divider is one of the most critical building blocks for the implementation of frequency synthesizers and phase locked loops plls. Pdf a study of injection locking and pulling in oscillators. In the superharmonic timing extraction case, a clock is extracted at 40 ghz as well as its subharmonics at 10, 20, and 30 ghz. Superharmonic injection locking of nanocontact spintorque. Allen center for integrated systems ababcdfghiejkl.
Request pdf analysis and design of superharmonic injectionlocked multipath ring oscillators frequency dividers can be modeled as superharmonic injection locked oscillators. This paper presents a low power and wide locking range injection frequency divider. Ghz subharmonic injectionlocked fractionaln frequency. Injection locking is also known as frequency entrainment or synchronization. Center for integrated systems frequency dividers oscillators. Background material on injection locked oscillators may be found in the articles by kurokawa refs. Finally, the phase noise of injection locked harmonic oscillators is studied. Lee, superharmonic injectionlocked fre quency divider. Design and analysis of lowpower highfrequency robust sub. Superharmonic injection locked oscillators as low power.
The system includes a first and a second differential output, such as from a sinusoidal oscillator. Pdf analysis and design of wideband injectionlocked ring. Injection locked frequency dividers superharmonic injection locked oscillators ilos can realize frequency dividers faster and lower power than flipflop based dividers injection locking range can be limited. They are called harmonic or superharmonic and subharmonic injection locking, respectively. Since the action of an ilo is analogous to that of a phaselocked loop pll, it is intuitive to model them similarly 10. Ringoscillatorbased injection locked frequency divider has merits of compact and low power devices. A second injection locked frequency divider receives the second differential output and generates a quadrature phase output. Design and analysis of cmos subharmonic injectionlocked.
Adler, a study of locking phenomena in oscillators proc. Second, we address superharmonic timing extraction where 40gbits data lock the fourth harmonic of the 10ghz oscillator. A low phase noise ringvco based pll using injection locking. For example, humans left in isolated bunkers reveal a freerunning sleepwake period of about 25 hours 2, but, when brought back to nature, they are injection locked to the earths cycle. A study of injection pulling and locking in oscillators. Ringoscillatorbased injectionlocked frequency divider with. The large frequency tunability of the stvo with respect to f0 allowed the device to be locked to multiple subharmonics of the microwave frequency frf, or to the same subharmonic over a wide range of frf. Subharmonic injection locking of oscillator circuits has also been proposed. Injection locking is equivalent to first order pll and is always stable. Introduction injection locking il 14 is a phenomenon in which an oscillator becomes phase locked to an external periodic input called the injection signal thus oscillating at the same frequency as the input. The intrinsic relations among the lock range of harmonic oscillators in firstharmonic, superharmonic, and subharmonic injection locking are explored. A simple phase shifting technique for an injection locked oscillator.
When the second oscillator merely disturbs the first but does not capture it, the effect is called injecti. Superharmonic injection locking of a ncstvo may open up possibilities for devices such as nanoscale frequency dividers, while differences in the core trajectory may allow mutual synchronization to be achieved in multioscillator networks by tuning the spatial character of the dynamics within shared magnetic layers. A wide band, injectioncoupled lc quadrature voltage control oscillator is presented. Pdf a ringoscillatorbased wide locking range frequency. Sim ulations a colpitts oscillator is used as an injection lo c k ed frequency divider divide b yt w o. Describes two different mechanism through which injection locking fails. First harmonic injection locking of 24ghzoscillators.
The analysis explains the factors that affect the different performance metrics including the number of phases, oscillation frequency, phase noise, and oscillationmode stability. Benefits of a pll without the need to build an hf pll. Injection locked oscillators, due their simple architecture, have been used in applications such as medical sensors 2 and frequency dividers for mmwave plls 3. A new model for injection locked oscillators is developed which. Eventually, for large enough injection, the oscillation locks to the injection signal. In other words, for a 90 phase difference between its input and output, an injection locked oscillator need not operate at the edge of the lock range. Important properties of an ilo such as lock range, phase shift, bandwidth and response to input jitter are described. May 18, 2019 the subharmonic injection locking of harmonic oscillators is investigated.
Modeling oscillator injection locking using the phase domain. Lowpower frequency dividers are designed using injection locked oscillators with cascode transistors. A lowpower clock distribution scheme for highend microprocessors. Index terms heterojunction bipolar transistor, injection locking, timing jitter, timing. A singleended injection locked frequency divider silfd is designed in a 0. Citeseerx superharmonic injection locked oscillators as. Superharmonic injectionlocked frequency dividers ieee.
Here we consider the locking of single drift impatt twoport oscillators. Introduction injection locked oscillators ilos have been used in many wireline receivers because of their simple implementation and instantaneous locking characteristics. Shil general enough to treat any kind of nonlinearity in lc oscillators. Note that this is different from resonant clocking 3, where all the oscillators are coupled together.
Two injection locked frequency dividers, with divideby3 and divideby5 operations respectively, were simulated by tsmc 0. Cmos injection locked oscillators for quadrature generation. A study of injection locking and pulling in oscillators, ieee journal. Understand the operation of ring oscillators understand the injection locking mechanism grasp the limitations of injection locked frequency dividers design injection locked frequency divider using a ring oscillator goals. Adlers equation, frequency offset tuning, injectionlocked, injectionlocked. A system for generating inphase and quadrature phase signals is provided. Consequently, the dynamics of the injectionlocked oscillator ilo have been ex. Superharmonic injection locking is investigated in a new theoretical approach. It can also model subharmonic injection locking behavior. The phenomenon, together with the related effect of injection pulling, has often been regarded as an unwanted disturbance, causing, among. A low energy injection locked fsk transceiver with frequencytoamplitude conversion for body sensor applications.
Wide band low phase noise qvco based on superharmonic. Study of injectionlocked nonharmonic oscillators using. Frequency synthesizers are one of the most critical blocks for multistandard multiband systems. A rigorous graphical technique for predicting subharmonic. Injection locked oscillators optoelectronic applications e.
Introduction a clock generator is an essential element in many applications such as serial links, local oscillators, memory interfaces, embedded microprocessors, and. This study presents a volterra series approach to analyse injectionlocked nonharmonic oscillators. Stvos subject to a small microwave current has been explored. The first one is used to synchronize the oscillators, while the second is used to generate an amplitude interference pattern. The transient behavior of injection locked oscillators ilo has been analyzed to better model its dynamics in 6 9. Analysis and design of wideband injection locked ring oscillators with multipleinput injection junchau chien i. A general model for injection locked lc oscillators lcilos is presented that is valid for any tank quality factor and injection strength. Ilcm, injection locked clock and data recovery ilcdr, injection locked oscillator ilo, phase locked loop pll, phase noise. Analysis and design of subharmonically injection locked.
Introductioni n both wireless and wireline communication systems, the frequency divider is one of the most critical building blocks for the implementation of frequency synthesizers and phase locked loops plls. Superharmonic injection locking of single nanocontact nc spintorque vortex oscillators. The be havior of phaselocked oscillators under injection pulling is also formulated. An analytical and experimental study of injectionlocked. Injectionlocked frequency divider how is injection. Injection locked oscillators optoelectronic applications. An ilfd has inherent advantage in both speed and power dissipation compared to a digital. We show that by depicting the voltage transfer characteristics of comparators using hyperbolic tangent functions, nonharmonic oscillators can be analysed analytically using a set of volterra circuits that are linear, have the same topology and element values but different inputs. A harmonic injection locked oscillator can be used as a frequency divider, namely, an injection locked frequency divider ilfd3,4,5,6. A firstorder differential equation is derived for the noise dynamics of ilos. C114 superharmonic injection locked oscillators as low power.
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